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220g Vegetable Fashion Party Hang Zhong Yuan

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Province of China

Non to be confused with the unrelated province of Hunan.

Province in China

Henan Province

河南省

Province
Name transcription(s)
 •Chinese 河南省 ( Hénán Shěng )
 •Abbreviation HA / HEN / 豫 (pinyin: Yù )

嵩山远眺 - panoramio.jpg

龙门石窟主窟 - panoramio (1).jpg

Kaifeng.jpg

Fawang Temple Pagoda, Dengfeng.jpg

Songshanfawangsi.JPG

Clockwise: Mount Song, Kaifeng, Fawang Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng, Fawang Temple archway, Longmen Grottoes
Map showing the location of Henan Province

Map showing the location of Henan Province
Coordinates: 33°54′Due north 113°thirty′E  /  33.9°N 113.5°East  / 33.ix; 113.5 Coordinates: 33°54′N 113°30′Due east  /  33.nine°North 113.v°Due east  / 33.nine; 113.v
Country China
Named for 河 hé – (Yellow) River
南 nán – s
"southward of the Yellow River"
Uppercase
(and largest city) 		Zhengzhou
Divisions 17 prefectures, 159 counties, 2,455 townships
Government
 • Blazon Province
 • Trunk Henan Provincial People'due south Congress
 • CCP Secretary Lou Yangsheng
 • Congress chairman Lou Yangsheng
 • Governor Wang Kai
 • CPPCC chairman Liu Wei
Area

[1]

 • Full 167,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi)
 • Rank 17th
Highest meridian

(Laoyachanao)

 2,413.8 thousand (7,919.three ft)
Population

(2020)[ii]

 • Total 99,365,519
 • Rank third
 • Density 600/kmtwo (1,500/sq mi)
  • Rank seventh
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition Han – 98.8%
Hui – 1%
 • Languages and dialects Zhongyuan Mandarin, Jin
ISO 3166 code CN-HA
GDP (2020) CNY five.499 trillion
USD 797 billion (5th)[three]
 - per capita CNY 55,348
USD viii,021 (19th)
 • growth Increase one.3%
HDI (2019) 0.742[4] (high) (18th)
Website henan.gov.cn
Henan
Henan (Chinese characters).svg

"Henan" in Chinese characters
Chinese 河南
Postal Honan
Literal meaning "South of the (Yellow) River"
Abbreviation
Chinese 豫

Henan (;[5] Chinese: 河南; lit. 'River South'; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of Cathay, in the primal part of the country. Henan is often referred to every bit Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (中州), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is a birthplace of Chinese civilization, with over 3,200 years of recorded history and remained China'south cultural, economical and political center until approximately 1,000 years agone.

Henan Province is home to many heritage sites which accept been left behind, including the ruins of Shang dynasty capital city Yin and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the 8 Great Ancient Capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng and Zhengzhou, are in Henan. The practice of tai chi also began in Chen Jia Gou Village (Chen style), equally did the after Yang and Wu styles.[6]

Although the name of the province ( 河南 ) means "s of the [Yellow] river.",[seven] approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River, besides known every bit the Huang He. With an area of 167,000 kmtwo (64,479 sq mi), Henan covers a large part of the fertile and densely populated North China Evidently. Its neighboring provinces are Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, and Hubei. Henan is People's republic of china's tertiary-well-nigh populous province with a population of over 94 million. Henan is too the world's seventh-most populous subnational entity, and, if it were a land past itself, Henan would be the 14th-almost populous country in the world, ahead of Egypt and Vietnam.

Henan is the 5th-largest provincial economic system of China and the largest among inland provinces. However, per capita Gdp is low compared to other eastern and central provinces.

Henan is one of the less-developed areas in China economically.[eight] The economic system continues to grow based on aluminum and coal prices, likewise as agriculture, heavy industry, tourism and retail. High-tech industries and the service sector are underdeveloped and are concentrated around Zhengzhou and Luoyang.

History [edit]

Widely regarded as one of the cradles of Chinese civilisation along with the Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, Henan is known for its historical prosperity and periodic downturns. The economic prosperity resulted from its all-encompassing fertile plains and its location at the middle of the state. Even so, its strategic location also means that it has suffered from near all of the major wars in Mainland china. In addition, the numerous floods of the Yellowish River accept caused significant damage from time to time. Kaifeng, in particular, has been cached by the Yellow River'due south silt 7 times due to flooding.

Aboriginal Era [edit]

Archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such equally the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture were active in what is at present northern Henan since the Neolithic Era. The more recent Erlitou civilisation has been controversially identified with the Xia dynasty, the first and largely legendary Chinese dynasty that was established, roughly, in the 21st century BC. Virtually the entire kingdom existed inside what is now northward and key Henan.

The Xia dynasty collapsed effectually the 16th century BC following the invasion of Shang, a neighboring vassal land centered around today's Shangqiu in eastern Henan. The Shang dynasty (16th–11th centuries BC) was the first literate dynasty of China. Its many capitals are located at the modern cities of Shangqiu, Yanshi, and Zhengzhou. Their final and nigh important upper-case letter, Yin, located in modern Anyang, is where the first Chinese writing was created.

In the 11th century BC, the Zhou dynasty of Shaanxi arrived from the west and overthrew the Shang dynasty. The capital was moved to Chang'an, and the political and economic eye was moved abroad from Henan for the first time. In 722 BC, when Chang'an was devastated by Xionites invasions, the capital was moved back east to Luoyang. This began the Spring and Fall period, a period of warfare and rivalry. What is now Henan and all of Mainland china was divided into a diversity of small, independent states, constantly at war for command of the primal patently. Although regarded formally as the ruler of China, the control that Zhou king in Luoyang exerted over the feudal kingdoms had most disappeared. Despite the prolonged period of instability, prominent philosophers such as Confucius emerged in this era and offered their ideas on how a state should exist run. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, was born in northern Chu, part of modern-day Henan.

Subsequently, these states were replaced past seven big and powerful states during the Warring States period, and Henan was divided into three states, the Wei to the north, the Chu to the south, and the Han in the middle. In 221 BC, state of Qin forces from Shaanxi conquered all of the other six states, ending 800 years of warfare.

Imperial Era [edit]

Ying Zheng, the leader of Qin, crowned himself (220 BCE) as the First Emperor. He abolished the feudal system and centralized all powers, establishing the Qin dynasty and unifying the core of the Han Chinese homeland for the get-go time. The empire quickly collapsed after the death (210 BCE) of Ying Zheng and was replaced past the Han dynasty in 206 BC, with its capital at Chang'an. Thus, a golden historic period of Chinese culture, economy, and military power began. The capital moved east to Luoyang in 25 Ad, in response to a coup in Chang'an that created the short-lived Xin dynasty. Luoyang chop-chop regained control of China, and the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) began, extending the golden historic period for some other two centuries.

The late Eastern Han dynasty saw war and rivalry between regional warlords. Xuchang in central Henan was the power base of operations of Cao Cao, who eventually succeeded in unifying all of northern China nether the Kingdom of Wei. Wei then moved its capital letter to Luoyang, which remained the capital after the unification of Mainland china by the Western Jin dynasty. During this menses Luoyang became one of the largest and nigh prosperous cities in the world, despite beingness repeatedly damaged by warfare.

With the fall of the Western Jin dynasty in the 4th and 5th centuries, nomadic peoples from the north invaded northern People's republic of china and established many successive regimes in northern China, including Henan. These people were gradually alloyed into the Chinese civilisation in a procedure known as sinification.

The brusk-lived Sui dynasty reunified China again in 589 with its capital back in Chang'an. It collapsed due to Sui Emperor Yang's plush attempt to relocate the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang and the structure of many extravagant palaces there. The succeeding Tang dynasty (618–907) kept its majuscule in Chang'an, marking the beginning of China'due south 2d golden historic period, with Henan beingness one of the wealthiest places in the empire.

The Tang dynasty lasted for three centuries earlier it eventually succumbed to internal strife. In the Period of 5 Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960) that followed, Kaifeng in eastern Henan became the capital letter of four dynasties. The Song dynasty that reunified Communist china in 982 also had its capital at Kaifeng. Under Vocal dominion, Prc entered another era of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng overtook Luoyang and Chang'an as the largest city in China and in the world.[ix] In 1127, however, the Song dynasty succumbed to Jurchen (Jin dynasty) invaders from the north in the Jin–Vocal war, and in 1142 ceded all of northern Communist china, including Henan. The Song regime moved its upper-case letter to Hangzhou in Southern Communist china, which, nether the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) continued to savor relative economic and culture prosperity. A prolonged period of peace and cultural and economical prosperity in the Yangtze River delta Jiangnan region (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and Shanghai) fabricated this the new center of Chinese civilization and economy.

Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this fourth dimension.[10] [11] But the Jurchen kept their principal majuscule further north, until 1214, when they were forced to movement the royal court southwards to Kaifeng in club to abscond the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Vocal dynasty forces. Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of Prc, establishing the Yuan dynasty and set up the equivalent of modernistic Henan province, with borders very similar to the modern ones. Neither its territories nor its office in the economy inverse nether later on dynasties. Henan remained important in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and Qing dynasty (1644–1911) that followed, though its economic system slowly deteriorated due to frequent natural disasters.

Modern Era [edit]

The Qing dynasty was overthrown by the 1911 Revolution and then the Republic of China was established in 1912, during which a human being from Henan, Yuan Shikai, played an important role and thus he became the beginning president of Commonwealth of China.[12] The construction and extension of the Pinghan Railway and Longhai Railway had turned Zhengzhou, a minor county town at the time, into a major transportation hub. Despite the rise of Zhengzhou, Henan's overall economy repeatedly stumbled every bit information technology was the hardest hit by the many disasters that struck China in its modern era.

Henan suffered greatly during the Second Sino-Japanese State of war. In 1938, when the Imperial Japanese Army captured Kaifeng, the government led past Chiang Kai-shek bombed the Huayuankou dam in Zhengzhou in gild to prevent Japanese forces from advancing further. All the same, this caused massive flooding in Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. In 1942 Henan was hit by a cracking famine resulting from a mix of drought, locusts and devastation acquired by the state of war. Grain requisition policies were continued by Chinese and Japanese authorities despite the shortage of food, making the death toll far greater than it might have been otherwise.

In 1954, the new government of the People's Republic of China moved the capital of Henan from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou, as a result of its economic importance. The China had earlier established a short-lived Pingyuan Province consisting of what is at present northern Henan and western Shandong with Xinxiang as its capital letter. This province was abolished in 1952.

In 1958, Yashan in Suiping County, Henan, became the first people'southward commune of Cathay, heralding the outset of the "Great Bound Forward". In the subsequent famines of the early 1960s popularly attributed to the Nifty Leap Frontward, Henan was one of the hardest hit and millions of lives were lost.[thirteen] [ unreliable source? ] Suffering under famine and economic chaos caused past the Great Leap, locals in Henan offered low-level resistance mostly through banditry.[fourteen] In 1959, however, a full peasant uprising erupted and was only defeated afterward twenty days of fighting.[15]

A destructive flooding of the Huai River in the summer of 1950 prompted large-scale structure of dams on its tributaries in central and southern Henan. Unfortunately, many of the dams were non able to withstand the extraordinarily loftier levels of rainfall acquired by Draft Nina in August 1975. Sixty-two dams, the largest of which was the Banqiao Dam in Biyang Canton collapsed; catastrophic flooding, spread over several counties throughout Zhumadian Prefecture and further downstream, killed at to the lowest degree 26,000 people.[16] [17] Unofficial human life loss estimates, including deaths from the ensuing epidemics and famine, range as loftier as 85,600,[16] 171,000[eighteen] or even 230 000.[16] This is considered the almost deadly dam-related disaster in man history.[xvi]

By the early on 1970s, Prc was one of the poorest countries in the world, and Henan was one of the poorest provinces in Mainland china. In 1978, however, when the communist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the open up door policy and embraced capitalism, China entered an economic boom that continues today. The smash did not reach inland provinces such as Henan initially, but past the 1990s Henan's economy was expanding at an fifty-fifty faster rate than that of Mainland china overall.

In November 2004, martial law was declared in Zhongmou County, Henan, to quell deadly ethnic clashes betwixt Han Chinese and the Muslim Hui Chinese.[nineteen] The reported number of deaths ranged between seven and 148.

In July 2021, high amounts of rainfall caused flooding, killing 302 and damaging amounting to 82 billion yuan.

Geography [edit]

Henan has a diverse landscape with floodplains in the east and mountains in the west. Much of the province forms office the densely populated North Communist china Obviously, an expanse known as the "stomach of China". The Taihang Mountains intrude partially into Henan'due south northwestern borders from Shanxi, forming the eastern edge of Loess Plateau. To the west the Xionger and Funiu Mountains course an extensive network of mount ranges and plateaus, supporting one of the few remaining temperate deciduous forests which in one case covered all of Henan. The renowned Mount Song and its Shaolin Temple is located in the far east of the region, most the capital urban center Zhengzhou. To the far south, the Dabie Mountains divides Hubei from Henan. The Nanyang Bowl, separated from North China Plain by these mountains, is another important agricultural and population centre, with culture and history distinct from the residue of Henan and closer to that of Hubei'due south. Unlike the rest of northern Communist china, desertification is not a problem in Henan, though sandstorms are common in cities near the Yellow River due to the big amount of sand present in the river. At 2413.viii meters above body of water level, the highest indicate in Henan province is Laoyachanao ( 老鸦岔垴 ).[xx]

The Yellow River passes through fundamental Henan. It enters from the northwest, via the Sanmenxia Reservoir. After it passes Luoyang, the mountains gave way to plains. Excessive corporeality of sediments are formed due to the silt it picks upwards from the Loess Plateau, raising the riverbed and causing frequent floods which shaped the habitat of the region. More than recently however, construction of dams and levees, as well as the depletion of water resources accept ended the floods. The Huai River in southern Henan is some other of import river, and has been recognized equally part of the boundary dividing northern and southern Chinese climate and civilisation.

Henan shares borders with six other provinces. It is bordered to the west by Shaanxi, to the s by Hubei, and to the north by Shanxi (northwest) and Hebei (northeast). To the due east lie Shandong (northeast) and Anhui (southeast), whose borders meet at a narrow strip of state which separates Henan from Jiangsu to the east.

Climate [edit]

Henan has a temperate climate that is humid subtropical (Köppen Cwa or Cfa) to the southward of the Yellowish River and bordering on humid continental (Köppen Dwa) to the north. It has a distinct seasonal climate characterised by hot, boiling summers due to the Eastward Asian monsoon, and by and large cool to cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Temperatures boilerplate around the freezing mark in January and 27 to 28 °C in July. A great majority of the annual rainfall occurs during the summer.

Administrative divisions [edit]

Henan is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities; along with one directly administered canton-level city (a sub-prefecture-level urban center):

Administrative divisions of Henan
Division code[21] Division Area in kmtwo [22] Population 2020[23] Seat Divisions[24]
Districts* Counties CL cities
410000 Henan Province 167000.00 99,366,019 Zhengzhou city 54 82 21
410100 Zhengzhou metropolis 7532.56 12,600,574 Zhongyuan Commune 6 1 5
410200 Kaifeng city 6260.95 four,824,016 Gulou District 5 4
410300 Luoyang city 15229.83 seven,056,699 Luolong District vii seven
410400 Pingdingshan metropolis 7909.42 4,987,137 Xinhua District iv four 2
410500 Anyang urban center 7354.11 5,477,614 Beiguan District 4 4 1
410600 Hebi urban center 2136.85 1,565,973 Qibin District three 2
410700 Xinxiang city 8249.45 6,251,929 Weibin Commune 4 5 3
410800 Jiaozuo metropolis 4000.89 3,521,078 Jiefang District four 4 2
410900 Puyang city 4187.90 three,772,088 Hualong Commune 1 v
411000 Xuchang city 4978.36 iv,379,998 Weidu District 2 2 2
411100 Luohe metropolis 6260.95 ii,367,490 Yancheng District 3 2
411200 Sanmenxia city 9936.65 2,034,872 Hubin District 2 2 2
411300 Nanyang metropolis 26508.69 9,713,112 Wolong District two ten 1
411400 Shangqiu city 10700.23 seven,816,831 Liangyuan Commune 2 six 1
411500 Xinyang city 18908.27 6,234,401 Shihe District 2 8
411600 Zhoukou metropolis 11959.forty 9,026,015 Chuanhui Commune 2 seven 1
411700 Zhumadian metropolis 15095.30 7,008,427 Yicheng District 1 9
419001 Jiyuan urban center** 1893.76 727,765 Qinyuan Subdistrict 1
* – including Ethnic districts

** – Straight administered county-level divisions (Jiyuan was formerly part of Jiaozuo)

These 17 prefecture-level cities and 1 direct administered canton-level city of Henan are in turn subdivided into 157 county-level divisions (54 districts, 21 county-level cities, and 82 counties; the sub-prefecture-level city of Jiyuan is counted as a county-level city here). Those are in plow divided into 2440 township-level divisions (866 towns, 1234 townships, twelve indigenous townships, and 328 subdistricts).

Urban areas [edit]

Population past urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Urban center Urban area[25] District area[25] Metropolis proper[25] Census engagement
1 Zhengzhou 3,677,032 4,253,913 8,627,089 2010-11-01
2 Luoyang 1,584,463 i,926,079 6,549,941 2010-eleven-01
3 Xinxiang 918,078 1,047,088 5,708,191 2010-11-01
iv Anyang 908,129 1,146,839 5,173,188 2010-xi-01
v Nanyang 899,899 1,811,812 10,263,660 2010-xi-01
6 Pingdingshan 855,130 i,034,042 4,904,701 2010-eleven-01
seven Kaifeng[a] 725,573 896,117 4,676,483 2010-11-01
(seven) Kaifeng (new district) [a] 168,569 698,799 come across Kaifeng 2010-11-01
8 Jiaozuo 702,527 865,413 3,540,101 2010-11-01
nine Xinyang 625,302 1,230,042 6,109,106 2010-11-01
x Shangqiu 618,549 1,536,392 7,362,975 2010-11-01
11 Luohe 575,956 i,294,974 2,544,266 2010-xi-01
12 Hebi 477,659 634,721 1,569,208 2010-11-01
13 Xuchang[b] 466,341 498,087 4,307,488 2010-xi-01
(13) Xuchang (new district) [b] 208,168 767,449 see Xuchang 2010-11-01
14 Puyang 465,980 655,674 3,598,740 2010-eleven-01
15 Zhumadian 447,559 721,723 7,231,234 2010-11-01
sixteen Dengzhou 415,082 i,468,157 see Nanyang 2010-11-01
17 Yongcheng 414,312 1,240,382 see Shangqiu 2010-11-01
18 Yuzhou 372,815 1,131,896 see Xuchang 2010-11-01
19 Gongyi 366,265 807,911 come across Zhengzhou 2010-11-01
20 Xinmi 359,148 797,256 see Zhengzhou 2010-xi-01
21 Xiangcheng 355,449 1,003,698 see Zhoukou 2010-11-01
22 Xinzheng 337,356 758,128 see Zhengzhou 2010-11-01
23 Jiyuan 334,697 675,757 675,757 2010-11-01
24 Linzhou 321,755 789,702 see Anyang 2010-11-01
25 Zhoukou 308,360 505,171 8,953,793 2010-eleven-01
26 Yanshi 300,743 666,696 see Luoyang 2010-11-01
27 Ruzhou 296,913 927,934 come across Pingdingshan 2010-11-01
28 Dengfeng 293,028 668,637 encounter Zhengzhou 2010-11-01
29 Sanmenxia[c] 285,153 325,628 2,234,018 2010-11-01
(29) Sanmenxia (new district) [c] 118,388 343,679 see Sanmenxia 2010-11-01
xxx Changge 281,578 687,130 meet Xuchang 2010-11-01
31 Xingyang 269,655 613,804 see Zhengzhou 2010-11-01
32 Huixian 261,767 740,435 come across Xinxiang 2010-11-01
33 Lingbao 231,101 721,049 see Sanmenxia 2010-11-01
34 Qinyang 223,647 367,113 see Jiaozuo 2010-11-01
35 Weihui 167,454 495,744 see Xinxiang 2010-xi-01
36 Wugang 147,521 313,828 encounter Pingdingshan 2010-11-01
37 Mengzhou 138,393 447,701 meet Jiaozuo 2010-11-01
38 Yima 136,461 144,779 see Sanmenxia 2010-11-01
  1. ^ a b New district established after demography: Xiangfu (Kaifeng Canton). The new district not included in the urban area & district expanse count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ^ a b New district established after census: Jian'an (Xuchang Canton). The new district not included in the urban area & commune area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b New district established later on census: Shanzhou (Shanxian County). The new commune not included in the urban area & district expanse count of the pre-expanded city.

Most populous cities in Henan

Source: China Urban Structure Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[26]

Rank Pop. Rank Popular.
Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou
Luoyang
Luoyang 		i Zhengzhou 6,261,900 11 Luohe 610,300 Nanyang]]
[[Nanyang]]
Kaifeng
Kaifeng
two Luoyang 2,359,800 12 Xinyang 609,200
3 [[Nanyang]] 1,604,700 13 Xuchang 565,800
4 Kaifeng ane,023,000 14 Zhumadian 513,800
5 Shangqiu 964,800 xv Sanmenxia 494,200
6 Pingdingshan 964,500 16 Hebi 490,200
7 Jiaozuo 801,000 17 Yongcheng 466,000
8 Xinxiang 789,600 xviii Yuzhou 434,400
9 Anyang 760,000 nineteen Zhoukou 431,300
10 Puyang 611,400 20 Ruzhou 410,000

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1912[27] 28,518,000 —
1928[28] 30,566,000 +seven.2%
1936–37[29] 34,290,000 +12.2%
1947[30] 29,654,000 −13.5%
1954[31] 44,214,594 +49.ane%
1964[32] 50,325,511 +thirteen.eight%
1982[33] 74,422,739 +47.9%
1990[34] 85,509,535 +xiv.9%
2000[35] 91,236,854 +6.7%
2010[36] 94,023,567 +iii.1%

With a population of approximately 93.6 million, Henan is the 3rd about populous Chinese province after Guangdong and Shandong. It is also the 5th most populous sub-national partitioning in the world. If it were a country by itself, it would exist the 12th nearly populous in the world, just behind Mexico and ahead of the Philippines. However, the hukou system shows Henan as the nigh populous province in China with over 103 million people, equally information technology counts the migrant Henanese laborers as residents of Henan, instead of the province they currently reside in. On the other hand, Guangdong is shown equally having only 81 one thousand thousand people, though the actual population is 95 1000000 due to the influx of migrants from other provinces.

The population is highly homogeneous with 98.eight% of the population existence Han. Modest populations of Mongols and Manchus exists in scattered rural communities as well equally major urban centers. Forth with Jiangxi, Henan has i of the well-nigh unbalanced gender ratios in China. As a result of the Chinese government's 1-kid policy (many parents do not want the only child to exist female and abort the fetus), the gender ratio was 118.46 males for 100 females in 2000. Afterwards, aborting fetuses due to their female sexual activity was banned in Henan and heavy fines are issued for those who violate the law. In addition, daughter-only families receive an annual allowance from the government.[37] Despite these efforts the problem seems to have become far worse. Based on a 2009 British Medical Journal study, the ratio is over 140 boys for every 100 girls in the ane–iv age group;[38] this might be a strong exaggeration, as many families with more than than one child do not annals their daughters to the hukou in order to escape fines.

Religion [edit]

Religion in Henan (2012)[39]

 Others (0.2%)

Co-ordinate to a 2012 survey[39] only effectually 13% of the population of Henan belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with half dozen.4%, followed past Protestants with 5.six%, Muslims with ane.3% and Catholics with 0.five%. Henan has some important centres of Chinese Buddhism, the White Horse Temple and the famous Shaolin Monastery.

Henan has too the largest Christian population past numbers and percentage of whatever province of China,[39] 6.one% of the province's population as of 2012[update], respective to approximately seven 1000000 Christians. A 2009 survey reported the share of Christians to be ix.33%.[twoscore] In 2019, Communist officials demolished the True Jesus Church building near Zhumadian urban center in Henan province.[41] In 2020, Communist officials demolished the Sunzhuang Church building.[42]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 86% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects (for instance, a sect that is endogenous to Henan is the Tianxian miaodao). According to a 2007 survey, approximately 8% of the Henanese believe in and are involved in antecedent veneration, the traditional Chinese religion of the lineages organised into lineage churches and bequeathed shrines.[40]

Item with incense burner at the Guanlin, Temple Mausoleum of Guandi in Luoyang.

Politics [edit]

The Regime of Henan is structured in a dual party-authorities organization like all other governing institutions in mainland Cathay.

The Governor of Henan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Henan. Even so, in the province's dual party-government governing organisation, the Governor has less power than the Henan Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Henan CPC Party Master".

Economic system [edit]

Henan has seen rapid development in its economy over the past 2 decades, and its economy has expanded at an even faster rate than the national average of 10%. This rapid growth has transformed Henan from 1 of the poorest provinces to one that matches other central provinces, though even so relatively impoverished on a national calibration. In 2011, Henan's nominal Gross domestic product was iii.20 trillion RMB (US$427 billion),[43] making it the fifth largest economic system in China, although it ranks nineteenth in terms of Gdp per capita.

Henan is a semi-industrialized economic system with an underdeveloped service sector. In 2009, Henan's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 277 billion RMB (United states of america$twoscore billion), ane.097 trillion RMB (US$160 billion), and 563 billion RMB (United states$82 billion), respectively. Agriculture has traditionally been a pillar of its economy, with the nation's highest wheat and sesame output and second highest rice output, earning its reputation as the breadbasket of China. Henan is also an important producer of beef, cotton fiber, maize, pork, animal oil, and corn. Food product and processing makes up more than than xiv% of the output from the province's secondary industry,[44] and information technology is said that 90% of Chinese McDonald'due south and KFC ingredients comes from Henan.[ commendation needed ]

Although Henan's industry has traditionally been based on low-cal textiles and food processing, recent developments have diversified the manufacture sector to metallurgy, petrol, cement, chemical industry, machinery and electronics. Henan has the second largest molybdenum reserves in the world. Coal, aluminum, alkaline metals and tungsten are also present in large amounts in western Henan. Henan houses some of the biggest limestone reserves in China estimated over 24 billion tons.[45] Consign and processing of these materials is one of the master sources of revenues.

Henan is actively trying to build its economy around the provincial majuscule of Zhengzhou, and information technology is hoped that the province may become an of import transportation and manufacturing hub in the years to come up.[44] In 2008, the total merchandise volume (import and export) was US$17.five billion, including U.s.$x.7 billion for exports. Since 2002, 7,111 foreign enterprises have been approved, and strange funds (FDI) of U.s.$10.64 billion have been used in contracts with a realized FDI of Usa$5.3 billion. Foreign exchanges are increasing continuously. Friendly provincial relationships have been established with xvi states (districts) in the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, and others. Some cities of Henan have established friendly relationships (sis urban center) with thirty-ii foreign cities.

Henan's service sector is rather small and underdeveloped. Finance and commerce are largely concentrated in urban centers such as Zhengzhou and Luoyang, where the economy is fueled by a large and relatively affluent consumer base. In order to brand the economy more knowledge- and engineering-based, the authorities established a number of development zones in all of the major cities, promoting industries such as software, information technologies, new materials, bio-pharmaceutical and photo-machinery-electronics.[46] Henan is a major destination for tourists, with places such as Shaolin Temple and Longmen Grottoes alluring millions of tourists each yr.

In July 2021, extreme flooding inflicted an estimated Us$12.7 billion[47] of economical damage in Henan.

Transportation [edit]

Henan has some of the most advanced transportation system in China due to its apartment terrain and its location at the eye of fundamental Mainland china's construction nail. The Jingguang and Longhai Railway, the nation's two nearly important railways, run through much of the province and intersect at Zhengzhou. Other railway hubs such as Shangqiu, Xinxiang, and Luohe take also become important centers of trade and manufacturing every bit a result. A high-speed railway links Zhengzhou with Xi'an. Henan'southward expressway system is highly developed and the full length is approximately v,000 km (iii,100 mi), the highest total for any Chinese province. The state of air transport is less stellar, the only 3 public airports are located in Xinzheng (near Zhengzhou), Luoyang, and Nanyang.

Culture [edit]

  • Most of Henan speaks dialects of the Mandarin grouping of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern Mainland china. Linguists put these dialects into the category of "Zhongyuan Mandarin". The northwestern corner of Henan is an exception, where people speak Jin dialects instead. The dialects of Henan are collectively chosen "the Henan dialect" in popular usage, with easily identifiable stereotypical features.
  • Yu opera (Yuju) is the local form of Chinese opera; it is also well-known and popular beyond the residual of China. Henan Quju and Henan Yuediao are besides of import local opera forms.
  • Henan cuisine is the local cuisine, with traditions such every bit the Luoyang Shuixi (Luoyang "H2o Table", consisting entirely of various soups, etc.); Xinyang Duncai (Xinyang brewed vegetables), and the traditional cuisine of Kaifeng.
  • Important traditional art and arts and crafts products include: Junci, a type of porcelain originating in Yuzhou noted for its unpredictable colour patterns; the jade carvings of Zhenping; and Luoyang'south Tangsancai ("Tang Iii Colours"), which are earthenware figurines fabricated in the traditional fashion of the Tang dynasty.

Tourism [edit]

Henan is located in the Yellow River valley where aboriginal people lived. Intricate pottery, writing and musical instruments of the Peiligang Culture and Yangshao Civilisation arose during neolithic times. Three of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China are in Henan: Luoyang, Kaifeng and Anyang. xvi historical sites in Henan are protected at the national level and 267 more than at the provincial level.

  • Mount Jigong, on the southern border.
  • Mountain Song, near Dengfeng, one of the Five Sacred Mountains of Red china.
  • Shaolin Temple, on Mountain Song.
  • Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory in Dengfeng, the oldest astronomical observatory in China.
  • Longmen Grottoes, most Luoyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
  • Songyue Pagoda
  • Yinxu in Anyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Youguo Temple with the Iron Pagoda
  • White Horse Temple in Luoyang
  • Baligou in Xinxiang
  • Mountain Mangdang in Shangqiu
  • Yuntai Mount in Jiaozuo

Colleges and universities [edit]

  • Zhengzhou Academy
  • Henan University of Economics and Law
  • Henan University
  • Henan Agricultural University
  • Henan Polytechnic University
  • Henan University of Science and Engineering science
  • Henan Normal University
  • N Red china University of Water Resource and Electrical Power
  • Zhongyuan Institute of Technology
  • Zhengzhou University of Lite Industry
  • Henan University of Applied science
  • Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Direction
  • Henan Medical University
  • Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • Xinxiang College
  • Huanghe Science and Applied science University
  • Nanyang Found of Technology
  • Sias University
  • Shangqiu College
  • Shangqiu Normal College
  • Anyang Found of Applied science
  • Zhengzhou Grain College
  • Zhengzhou University of Engineering science
  • Zhengzhou Material Establish
  • Luoyang Institute of Technology
  • Pingdingshan Normal College
  • Xinxiang Medical University
  • Nanyang Teachers College

Notable individuals [edit]

  • Zhao Ziyang (17 Oct 1919 − 17 January 2005), former Premier and CCP Secretary
  • Deng Yaping (built-in v Feb 1973), four-time Olympic gilded medalist.
  • Du Wei (born 9 February 1982), professional football histrion
  • Ge Xin'ai (built-in 30 June 1953) Table Tennis Globe Champion (1975, 1977, 1979)
  • Chen Zhong, Olympic gold medalist in Taekwondo
  • Liu Guoliang, member of the Chinese table tennis squad
  • Shang Tang, the first ruling male monarch of the Shang dynasty
  • Hui Shi (380 BC−?), philosopher
  • Xu Shen (c.58−c. 147), editor of the Shuowen Jiezi
  • Ruan Ji (210–263), poet
  • Du Fu (712–770), considered one of the greatest of Chinese poets
  • Han Yu (768–824), one of Cathay'south best known prose writers and poets
  • Li Shangyin (813–858), poet
  • Cheng Hao (1032–1085) and brother Cheng Yi (1033–1107), Neo-Confucian philosophers
  • Li Tang (c. 1080−c. 1130), painter
  • Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), 2nd President of the Republic of China
  • Feng Youlan (1895–1990), philosopher
  • Lao Zi (Lao Tzu: dates uncertain), founder of Daoism
  • Chuang Tzu (born 369 BC), Daoist philosopher
  • Gao Yaojie, medical doctor
  • Mo Zi, founder of Mohism
  • Prevarication Yukou (c. fourth century BC), Daoist philosopher
  • Su Qin
  • Han Fei (c. 280–233 BC), Legalist philosopher
  • Chen Sheng, (known in some sources as Chen She) and Wu Guang (both died 209 BC or 208 BC), leaders of the outset rebellion against Qin dynasty
  • Jia Yi, a Chinese poet and statesman of the Han dynasty
  • Zhang Heng, an astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar of the Eastern Han dynasty
  • Feng Yi, a full general of the Eastern Han dynasty
  • Zhang Ji (style-named Zhang Zhongjing) (150–219), an Eastern Han md, the writer of the Shanghan Zabing Lun
  • Xu Shu 1 of Liu Bei'south advisors during the Iii Kingdoms menstruum of China.
  • Sima Yi (179–251), a general, armed services strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the 3 Kingdoms flow
  • Xun Yu (styled-named Wenruo), an advisor to Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period
  • Xun You an advisor to Cao Cao during the Iii Kingdoms period
  • Deng Ai (?−264), an officer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms menses
  • Fan Zhen (c. 450–515), a Chinese philosopher of the Southern Qi dynasty, remembered today for the treatise Shen Mie Lun (On the Annihilation of the Soul)
  • Yue Fei (1103–1142), a noted Chinese patriot and general who fought for the Southern Song dynasty against the Jurchen
  • Zhong You (151–230), a pol and calligrapher in Wei dynasty of San guo
  • Zhu Ting, sixteenth captain of Communist china National Women's Volleyball Team
  • Wei Rui, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
  • Jia Aoqi, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
  • Zhang Zhilei, professional heavyweight boxer
  • Kong Hongxing, sanshou fighter
  • Zhang Jian (born September 1955), approximate[48]

Sports teams [edit]

Professional sports teams in Henan include;

  • Chinese Basketball Association
    • Henan Dragons
  • Chinese Football Clan Jia League
    • Henan Jianye F.C.

Meet also [edit]

  • List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Henan
  • Zhengzhou

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

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Works cited [edit]

  • Rummel, Rudolph J. (1991). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Burnswick; London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN0-88738-417-X.
  • Smith, S. A. (2015). "Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist Country, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.). Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of Loftier Socialism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364. ISBN978-0674287204.
  • Economic profile for Henan at HKTDC

External links [edit]

  • Henan Government website (in Chinese)

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